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City proper

A city proper is the geographical area contained within city limits. The term proper is not exclusive to cities; it can describe the geographical area within the boundaries of any given locality. The United Nations defines the term as "... the single political jurisdiction which contains the historical city centre." City proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. The other two are urban agglomeration, and the metropolitan area. In some countries, city limits that act as the demarcation for the city proper are drawn very widely, while in others they are drawn very narrowly. This can cause substantial confusion when the legal boundaries of a city do not align with what most people intuitively think of as part of a city. For example, Miami proper has a population of 442,000 people—less than Fresno, California—but the wider Miami metropolitan area is the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, including more than 6.1 million people.

Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It is located in the north of France and is known as the City of Light and its iconic Eiffel Tower.

History of Israel

The history of Israel spans the Southern Levant, from prehistoric African migrations and the Natufian culture (c. 10,000 BCE) to the emergence of Canaanite civilization. During the Iron Age, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah formed, serving as the foundation for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The region was subsequently conquered by successive empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Greeks. Following a century of independence under the Hasmonean dynasty, the area fell to the Roman Republic. The Jewish–Roman wars led to massive Jewish casualties and displacement, after which a Christian majority emerged under Byzantine rule. The 7th-century Muslim conquest of the Levant introduced various Islamic caliphates, followed by the Crusades, Mamluk rule, and four centuries of Ottoman administration. In the 19th century, Zionism drove increased Jewish immigration (aliyah). After World War I, Britain assumed control under the Mandate for Palestine, committing to a Jewish homeland via the Balfour Declaration. Rising tensions between Arabs and Jews led to the 1947 UN Partition Plan and a subsequent civil war. Israel's 1948 independence sparked the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, repelling neighboring armies but resulting in significant regional displacement. Despite peace treaties with Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994), and the Oslo I Accord (1993) establishing the Palestinian Authority, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict remains unresolved.